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▸ What is Chemistry?

▸ Career Opportunities

Problem Solving Skills

▸ Problem Solving in Chemistry

Practical Skills

▸ Safety in the Laboratory

▸ Scientific Method

▹ Variables

▸ Experimental Design

▸ Writing Laboratory Reports

▹ Plotting Points on a Graph

▹ Drawing the Line of Best Fit

▹ Predictions from Graphs (extrapolation & interpolation)

▸ Accuracy and Precision

▸ Experimental Errors

Maths for Chemistry Students

Representing Numbers

▸ Significant Figures

▸ Scientific Notation (exponential notation)

SI Units

▸ SI Units Introduction

▹ Temperature Unit Conversions

▹ Mass Unit Conversions

▹ Volume Unit Conversions

▹ Length Unit Conversions

▹ Energy Unit Conversions

Classification of Matter

▸ Pure Substances and Mixtures

▹ Density Calculations

▸ Elements and Compounds

▹ Allotropes

▹ History of the Elements

▸ Metals and Non-Metals

Chemical Reactions

▸ Physical and Chemical Changes

▸ Types of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Formula

▸ Molecular Formula

▸ Empirical and Molecular Formula

▹ Empirical Formula Experiment: Magnesium Oxide

▸ 2-Dimensional (full display) Structural Formula

▸ Condensed Structural Formula (semi-structural formula)

▸ Skeletal Structural Formula

Also see Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Also see Name and Formula (Introduction to Inorganic Compounds)

Also see Ligands and Complex Ions

Chemical Equations

▸ Word Equations for Chemical Reactions

▹ acid + metal word equations

▹ acid + carbonate word equations

▹ acid + base word equations

▸ Balancing Chemical Equations

▸ Writing Precipitation Reaction Equations

Stoichiometry (Chemical Calculations)

▸ Relative Molecular Mass (Formula Weight)

▸ Calculating Percentage (Percent) Composition

▸ Definitions of a Mole

▹ Mole-Number of Particle Calculations

▹ Mass-Mole Calculations

▹ Molar Gas Volume Calculations

▸ Molar Concentration, Molarity of Solutions (mol L^-1 or M)

(See also solutions for dilutions and other types of concentration)

▸ Reaction Calculations: Mass and Moles

▹ Limiting Reagents and Reactants in Excess

▹ Yield

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IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Aliphatic Compounds (IUPAC Naming)

▸ Introduction to IUPAC Naming for Organic Compounds

▸ Introduction to Functional Groups

▸ Homologous Series

▸ Saturated and Unsaturated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbon Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Alkanes

▹ Branched-Chain Alkanes

▸ Straight-Chain Alkenes

▸ Straight-Chain Alkynes

Aldehyde Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Alkanals

Ketone Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Alkanones

Alcohol Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Alkanols

▹ Branched-Chain Alkanols

▹ Straight-Chain Alkanediols

▹ Classification of Alkanols (alcohols)

Haloalkane (alkyl halide) Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

▹ Classification of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

Carboxylic acids Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Alkanoic Acids

Esters Nomenclature

▸ Simple Esters

Nitrile Nomenclature

▸ Alkanenitriles

Amine Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Primary Alkanamines

Amide Nomenclature

▸ Straight-Chain Primary Alkanamides

Molecules with different functional groups

▸ Naming Saturated Molecules with 2 Different Functional Groups

Organic Isomers (aliphatic compounds)

Structural Isomers

▸ Types of Structural (Constitutional) Isomers

▹ Structural Isomers of Alkanes

▹ Structural Isomers of Alkenes

▹ Structural Isomers of Haloalkanes

Stereoisomers

Cis-Trans (Geometric Isomers)

▸ cis-trans (Geometric) Isomers of Alkenes

Optical Isomers

▸ Chiral Centres and Chiral Molecules

Organic Reactions (aliphatic compounds)

Classification of Organic Reactions (introduction)

(i) Substitution and Addition Reactions

▸ Halogenation of Hydrocarbons

▸ Hydrohalogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

▸ Hydration of Alkenes to Alkanols (alcohols)

▸ Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

▸ Alkanol and Hydrohalic Acids (HX)

(ii) Elimination Reactions

▸ Dehydration of Alkanols (alcohols)

▸ Synthesis, Isolation and Purification of Esters (Fischer Esterification)

▸ Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

(iii) Oxidation Reactions

▸ Oxidation of Alkenes

▸ Oxidation of Alkanols (alcohols)

▸ Combustion of Hydrocarbons

▸ Combustion of Alcohols (alkanols)

(iv) Reduction Reactions

▸ Hydrogenation of Alkenes

(v) Polymerisation Reactions

▸ Polymers and Polymerization

(a) Addition Polymerisation Reactions

▹ Polyethene (polyethylene)

▹ Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

▹ Polystyrene

▹ Polytetrafluoroethene

▹ Polypropene (polypropylene)

(b) Condensation Polymerisation Reactions

▹ Polyesters

▹ Polyamides (Nylons)

Organic Synthesis (aliphatic compounds)

▸ Reaction Schemes for Organic Chemistry

Properties and Uses (aliphatic compounds)

▸ Alkanes

▸ Alkenes

▹ Case Study: Ethene (ethylene)

▸ Alkanols (alcohols)

▸ Alkanals and Alkanones (aldehydes and ketones)

▸ Alkanoic Acids (carboxylic acids)

▸ Amines

▸ Nitriles (alkanenitriles)

Aromatic Compounds

▸ Benzene Structure and Properties

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Biomolecules

▸ Carbohydrates (sugars)

▸ Fatty Acids

▹ Omega Fatty Acids

▸ Lipids (fats and oils)

▸ Amino Acids

▸ Proteins

▸ Enzymes

▸ Vitamins

▸ DNA

Biochemical Reactions

▸ Fermentation

▸ Reducing and Non-reducing Sugars

▸ Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates

▹ Glycaemic Index (GI)

▸ Acid Hydrolysis of Triglycerides

▸ Acid Hydrolysis of Proteins

Applications of Biochemistry

▸ Chemistry of Blood

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Periodic Table

▸ History of the Periodic Table

▸ Introduction to the Modern Periodic Table

▹ Critical Elements

▸ s,p,d,f Blocks of the Periodic Table

▸ Trends in Electron Configuration

▸ Trends in Ionization Energy

▸ Trends in Atomic Radius

▸ Trends in Electronegativity

▸ Trends in Properties of Oxides

▸ Trends in Group 1 (Group IA, alkali metals)

▸ Trends in Group 2 (Group IIA, alkaline-earth metals)

▸ Trends in Group 16 Hydrides

▸ Trends in Group 17 (VIIA, halogens)

▸ Trends in Period 2 (second period)

▸ Trends in Period 3 (third period)

Introduction to Naming Inorganic Compounds

▸ Inorganic Acid Names and Formulae

▸ Name and Formula of Cations

▸ Name and Formula of Anions

▸ Naming Inorganic Salts (binary inorganic ionic compounds)

▸ Writing Formula of Inorganic Salts (binary inorganic ionic compounds)

▸ Naming Inorganic Non-metallic Binary Covalent Compounds

▸ Molecular Formula of Inorganic Non-metallic Binary Covalent Compounds

Transition Metal Chemistry

▸ Transition Metal Properties

▸ Ligands and Complex Ions

Solid-State Chemistry

▸ Silicates: Structure and Formula

▸ Zeolites: Structure and Uses

Crystallography

▸ X-ray Diffraction and Electron Density Maps

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Nuclear Chemistry

Atomic Structure

▸ Brief History of Atomic Theory

▹ Bohr Model of the Atom

▹ Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

▹ Quantum Numbers

▸ Number of Protons in an Atom
(Atomic Number, Z)

▸ Mass Number (A)
(number of nucleons)

▸ Number of Electrons in an Atom

Ground State Electronic Configuation
(Ground State Electron Configuration)

▸ Evidence for Electron Configuration
from First Ionisation Energy

▸ Electron Configuration: Periods 1 to 3 Atoms (shells)

▹ Electron Configuration of Periods 1 to 3 Ions (shells)

▸ Electron Configuration: Periods 1 to 3 Atoms (subshell)

▸ Electron Configuration: Period 4 (subshell)

▸ Orbital Diagrams

▸ Isoelectronic Species

Isotopes

▸ Isotopes

▸ Relative Atomic Mass (estimated)

▹ Mass Spectroscopy (isotopes, atomic weight)

▸ Isotope Stability (introduction)

▹ Mass Defect

▹ Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Decay

▸ Nuclear Decay

▸ Half-Life Definitions and Calculations

Applications of Isotopes and Radiation

▸ Properties and Uses of Radiation and Radioisotopes

▹ Uses of Carbon-14 for Dating

▹ Uses of Radioisotopes in Smoke Detectors

Bonding

▸ Lewis Structures (electron dot diagrams)

▹ Coordinate Covalent Bonds (dative bonds)

▸ Shapes of Molecules (VSEPR theory)

▸ Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

▸ Molecule Polarity

▸ Intramolecular Forces

▹ Metallic Bonding

▹ Ionic Bonding

▹ Covalent Bonding

▸ Intermolecular Forces
(and effects on melting point and solubility)

Gas Laws

▸ Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Gas Volumes

▸ Avogadro's Principle

▸ Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law)

▸ Charles' Law

▸ Combined Gas Equation

▸ Ideal Gas Law

▸ Kinetic Theory of Gases

▸ Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

▸ Graham's Laws of Effusion and Diffusion

▸ Henry's Laws (gas solubility)

Thermochemistry (energy)

Introduction to thermochemical concepts

▸ Enthalpy Change (ΔH) for Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions

▸ Enthalpy Change Calculations (ΔH and stoichiometry)

▸ Energy Profiles (energy diagrams)

Calculating Enthalpy Change of Reactions using tabulated data

▸ Hess's Law (of Constant Heat Summation) Introduction

▸ Bond Energy (enthalpy) and Heat of Reaction

▸ Latent Heat (Latent Enthalpy)

▸ Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation and Reaction

Calorimetry: Measuring Enthalpy Change of Reactions Experimentally

▸ Heat Capacity Calculations (C_g & C_n)

Solution Calorimetry (cup calorimeter)

▸ Heat of Reaction Introduction
(Enthalpy of Reaction)

▹ Heat of Solution
(Enthalpy of Solution)

▹ Heat of Neutralisation
(Enthalpy of Neutralization)

Heat of Combustion

▸ Molar Heat of Combustion of Liquid Fuels
(Molar Enthalpy of Combustion of Liquid Fuels)

▸ Heat of Combustion of Food
(Enthalpy of Combustion of Food)

Calorimetry (adiabatic, electrical)

▸ Bomb Calorimeter and Solution Calorimeter

Applications of Thermochemistry

▸ Fuel Definitions

▸ Comparing Fuels

▸ Biodiesel

Thermodynamics

▸ First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation)

▸ Second Law of Thermodynamics: Introduction to Entropy

▸ Third Law of Thermodynamics and Standard Absolute Entropy Change Calculations (ΔS°)

▸ Introduction to Spontaneous Reactions: enthalpy and entropy

▹ Gibbs Free Energy (G): Definition and Spontaneity of Reactions

▹ Gibbs Free Energy of Formation (ΔG_ƒ°) Calculations

▹ Gibbs Free Energy Change Calculations (ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°)

▹ Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity of Reactions

Chemical Kinetics (reaction rates)

▸ Rate of Reaction

▸ Kinetic Energy (Maxwell-Boltzman) Distribution

▸ Using Rate Law

▸ Determining Rate Law

Electrochemistry

Concepts

▸ Oxidation and Reduction Concepts

▸ Oxidation Numbers (States)

▸ Writing half-equations (for simple ions)

▸ Writing half-equations for aqueous solutions (acidic conditions)

▸ Writing half-equations for aqueous solutions (basic conditions)

▸ Redox Reaction Concepts

▸ Writing Redox Equations

▸ E^o: oxidation & reduction

▸ E^o calculations: redox reactions

▸ Spontaneous vs Non-spontaneous Redox Reactions

▸ Electrolyte Strength

▸ Quantity of Electricity (charge) Calculations

▸ Electrical Energy Calculations (E = Q × V)

Applications: Galvanic (Voltaic Cells)

▸ Displacement Reactions (activity series)

▸ Voltaic (Galvanic) Cells

▸ Galvanic Cell Diagrams

▸ Corrosion

▸ Batteries

▹ Lead-Acid Batteries

▹ Fuel Cells

Electrolytic Cells

▸ Electrolytic Cell Concepts

▸ Electrolysis of Molten Salts

▸ Electrolysis of Aqueous Salt Solutions

▸ Electroplating Concepts

▸ Faraday Laws of Electrolysis

also see Metallurgy and Industrial Chemistry sections below

Advanced Electrochemistry

▸ Nernst Equation

Equilibrium

Equilbrium Theory

▸ Reversible and Irreversible Changes

▸ Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium

▸ Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions at Equilibrium

▸ Equilibrium Concepts

▸ Le Chatelier's Principle

▸ Mass-Action Expression (Q)

▸ Law of Chemical Equilibrium

▸ Equilibrium Constants (K)

▹ R.I.C.E. (I.C.E.) Tables and K Calculations

▹ K and Extent of Reaction

▹ K and Temperature

▹ K and Reverse Reactions

▹ K and Stoichiometry

▸ Ion Product for Water (K_w)

▸ Acid Dissociation Constants (K_a)

▸ Base Dissociation Constants (K_b)

▸ pK (pK_w, pK_a, pK_b)

▸ Solubility Products (K_sp)

▸ K_P and K_c

▸ Q vs K : predicting direction of reaction

Equilibrium Applications: Biological

▸ Chemistry of Blood

Equilibrium Applications: Industrial

▸ Uses and Production of Ammonia (Haber Process)

▸ Manufacture and Uses of Sulfuric Acid

Equilibrium Applications: Solubility

▸ Precipitation Reaction Equations

▸ Solubility Rules (qualitative)

▸ Solubility Table (table of solubilities g/100 mL)

▸ Solubility Curves (g/100 g)

▸ Solubility and Le Chatelier's Principle

▸ Solubility Products (K_sp)

Acids and Bases (application of equilibrium)

Acid and Base Concepts

▸ Properties of Acids and Bases

▸ Definitions and Properties of Acids and Bases

▹ Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases (definitions)

▹ Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases (definitions)

▹ Brønsted-Lowry Proton Transfer Reactions

▸ pH Scale Concepts

▹ pH Calculations for acids

▹ [H⁺] Calculations for acids

▸ pOH Concepts

▹ pOH Calculations for bases

▹ [OH^-] Calculations for bases

▸ Strength of Acids

▹ pH of Strong Acids

▹ Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Strong Acids

▹ Hydroxide Ion Concentration of Strong Acids

▹ pOH of Strong Acids

▹ Weak Acids (K_a)

▸ Strength of Bases

▹ pOH of Strong Bases

▹ Hydroxide Ion Concentration of Strong Bases

▹ pH of Strong Bases

▹ Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Strong Bases

▹ Weak Bases (K_b)

▸ Polyprotic Weak Acid Concepts

▸ pH of a Polyprotic Strong Acid (Sulfuric Acid)

▸ pH of Strong Acids After Dilution

▸ pH of Weak Acids After Dilution

▸ pH of Strong Bases After Dilution

▸ pH After Mixing Weak Acids (introduction)

▸ Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases

▸ Hydrolysis of Acids and Bases (K_a × K_b = K_w)

Acid and Base Reactions

▸ Neutralisation Reactions

▸ Acidic, Basic, Neutral Aqueous Solutions

▹ pH of Aqueous Solutions After Mixing Strong Acid and Strong Base

▹ pH of Aqueous Solutions After Mixing Weak Acid and Strong Base

▸ pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions (introduction)

▹ Calculating pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions

Acid and Base Applications

▸ Buffer Concepts

see also Acid-Base Titrations, Volumetric Analysis, below

Solutions

Concepts of Solutions

▸ Solutions Concepts

▹ Water as a Solvent

Calculating Concentration of Solutions

(i) per quantity of solution

(a) volume of solution

▸ Mass Concentration (w/v, m/v)

▸ Mass/Volume Percentage (%w/v %m/v)

▸ Parts per Million (ppm)

▸ Molarity, Molar Concentration (mol L^-1 or M)

▹ Dilution Calculations

▹ Dilution Factor

▸ Converting Between Concentration Units

(b) mass of solution

▸ Mass Fraction and Mass Percent (%w/w, %m/m)

(c) moles of solution

▸ Mole Fraction and Mole Percent

(ii) per quantity of solvent

(a) volume of solvent

▸ Weight Ratio Percentage

(b) moles of solvent

▸ Molality

Properties of Solutions

▸ Colligative Properties of Solutions Introduction

▹ Raoult's Law

▹ Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation

▹ Osmotic Pressure

Surface Chemistry

▸ Surface Tension

▸ Wetting

▸ Capillary Action

▸ Soaps and Saponification

▸ Synthetic Detergents

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Gas Tests

▸ Gas Preparation and Tests

Gravimetric Analysis

▸ Gravimetric Analysis

▹Sulfate in Lawn Fertiliser

▹ Chloride in Seawater

(See also applications of equilibrium: solubility)

Volumetric Analysis (Titrations)

Introduction to Volumetric Analysis Concepts

▸ Standard Solutions

▸ Titration Techniques

Volumetric Analysis: Acids and Bases Concepts

Acid-Base Indicators

▸ Introduction to Acid-Base Indicators: Colour and pH

▸ Indicator End Point (equilibrium application)

▸ Choosing Indicators for Acid-Base Titrations

Acid - Base Titrations (direct titrations)

▸ Acid Base Titration Calculations

▸ Acid Base Titration Curves (graphs)

▹ Strong Monoprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

▹ Strong Diprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

▹ Weak Monoprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

▸ Acetic Acid Concentration in Vinegar by Direct Titration

Back Titrations (indirect titrations)

▸ Back Titration Calculations

Conductometric Titrations

▸ Acid-Base Conductometric Titrations

▸ Precipitation Conductometric Titrations

REDOX Titrations

▸ REDOX Titration Calculations

▹ Ethanol REDOX Titrations (Wine or Beer Analysis)

▹ Hypochlorite REDOX Titrations (Bleach Analysis)

Complexometric Titrations

▸ Total Hardness in Hard Water

▸ Calcium Ion Concentration in Hard Water

Precipitation Titrations

▸ Precipitation Titration (argentimetric titration)

Instrumental Techniques for Chemical Analysis

Chromatography

▸ Chromatography Overview

▹ Paper Chromatography

▹ Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

▹ Gas Chromatography (GC or GLC)

▹ High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Electrophoresis

▸ Electrophoresis

Spectroscopy

▸ Spectroscopy Overview

(i) Emission Spectroscopy

▹ Flame Tests

▹ Emission Spectroscopy (Atomic Spectroscopy)

▹ Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

(ii) Absorption Spectroscopy

▹ Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

▹ Colorimetry

▹ UV-Visible Spectroscopy (spectrophotometric analysis)

Spectroscopy for Structural Determination

▸ Infrared Spectroscopy

▸ Mass Spectroscopy (isotopes)

▸ Mass Spectroscopy (structural identification)

▸¹H NMR Spectroscopy

▸ ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

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Atmosphere

▸ Carbon Cycle

▸ Nitrogen Cycle

▸ Ozone Layer and Ozone Depletion

▸ Photochemical Smog

▸ Greenhouse Gases and Effect

▸ Acid Rain

Water

▸Analysis of Water

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Green Chemistry

▸ Green Chemistry Principles

▹ Atom Economy (Atom Utilisation)

Industrial Chemistry Case Studies

▸ Uses and Production of Ammonia (Haber Process)

▸ Uses and Production of Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process)

▸ Uses and Production of Sodium Carbonate (Solvay Process)

▸ Uses and Production of Sodium Hydroxide (Electrolytic Processes)

▸ Petrochemical Industry:

▹ case study: Production of Ethene (ethylene)

Polymers

▸ Polymers and Polymerization

Addition Polymerisation

▹ Production of Polyethene (polyethylene)

▹ Production of Polvinyl chloride (PVC)

▹ Polystyrene

▹ Polytetrafluoroethene

▹ Polypropene (polypropylene)

Condensation Polymerisation

▹ Polyesters

▹ Production of Polyamides (nylons)

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▸ Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology Introduction

▸ Graphene and Fullerenes

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▸ Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

▸ Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

▸ Ibuprofen

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Reactions Involving Metals

▸ Metal + Water

▸ Metal + Non-oxidizing Acid

▸ Metal + Oxygen

▸ Activity Series

Extracting Metals

▸ Metal Extraction Concepts

Smelting Oxides

▹ Carbon Reduction Method

Smelting Sulfides

▹ Copper Sulfides

Electrolytic Extraction

▹ Copper : Electrowinning

▹ Aluminium Production : Hall-Heroult Cell

▹ Sodium Production : Downs Cell

Refining Metals

▸ Electrorefining

Alloys

▸ Binary Alloys

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